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FAO (2019) Complex emergency. http://www.fao.org/emergencies/emergency-types/complex-emergencies/en/. Accessed 13 Feb 2020 The article aims to provide an early warning signal of a contemporary emergency of higher magnitude in the restive region if a rapid-onset hazard intersects the Anglophone crisis. The objectives are fourfold: (1) to establish the consequences of the Anglophone crisis, (2) to ascertain the status of the Anglophone crisis as a potential complex emergency, (3) to analyse the risk of an imminent Mt. Cameroon eruption in the crises region, and (4) based on the findings from (1)–(3), to conceptualise a new complex emergency paradigm.
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The Anglophone crisis is characterised by human rights violations. On January 17, 2017, the government shut down Internet access in the restive region for 93 days to curtail dissent amongst the population. This was regarded by many local and international organisations Footnote 14 as an outright violation of constitutional and human rights to access information and freedom of expression (Calis 2018). Ludovica D (2016) Tensions rise in Cameroon as teachers demand ‘respect for Anglo-Saxon heritage’. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/tensions-rise-cameroon-teachers-demand-respect-anglo-saxon-heritage-1593018. Accessed 19 June 2019 CVL is an alignment of 1600-km Y-shaped chain of volcanoes comprising an oceanic sector (Pagalu, Sao Tome, Principe, Bioko) and a continental sector (Mt. Etinde, Mt. Cameroon, Manengouba, Bambouto, Oku, Mandara, etc.) trending averagely N30°E through the country. Ferris E. Natural disaster, conflict, and humanitarian rights: tracing the connections. 2010. [ Google Scholar] gruesome killing comprising 13 children and one pregnant woman led to international condemnation and several calls for the Government to respect and uphold human rights amidst the escalating conflict.like the World Wide Web Foundation, Internet Sans Frontières, and Access Now were critical of government’s action to restrict Internet access in the Anglophone region. UNICEF (2019) Geneva Palais briefing note on the situation for children in the North West and South West regions of Cameroon. https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/anglophone-crisis-in-cameroon-causes-closure-of-80-per-cent-of-schools-in-the-region-denying-more-than-600000-children-access-to-education/. Accessed 11 Jan 2020
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Bang H, Mbah M, Ndi H, Ndzo J (2020) Gauging Cameroon’s resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for enduring a novel health crisis. Transform Gov People Process Policy 15(4):658–674. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-08-2020-0196Contemporary data on political freedom in the crisis region is staggering. An estimated 81% of Anglophones have less freedom to express their political views than a few years earlier and they are twice more likely to fear violence and political intimidation than Francophones (Lazar 2019). The restive region massively boycotted the October 2018 presidential elections and the February 2020 Municipal and Legislative elections that came on the heels of a national dialogue to resolve the Anglophone crisis. The national dialogue is considered by some critics a failure since fighting continues unabated. Massive population displacement Fako Division (another hotspot of the Anglophone crisis) in the South West Region is host to Mt. Cameroon, the most active and largest volcano on the Cameroon Volcanic Line and West/Central Africa. Mt. Cameroon is a huge elliptical stratovolcano with a height of 4095 m above sea level and an area of about 3000 km 2 that straddles the continental margin at the Gulf of Guinea in the South West Region. The volcanic edifice has a volume of 1200 km 3, with over 100 craters and cones on its summit and flanks, and is thought to have a near-continuous eruption sequence over the last 10 million years, being most active within the last 3 million years (Marzoli et al. 2000). Nsonzefe K (2019) Cameroon-Anglophone crisis: NW Governor partially withdraws ban on motorbike circulation in three subdivisions. http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroon-anglophone-crisis-nw-governor-partially-withdraws-ban-on-motorbike-circulation-in-three-subdivisions-346050.html. Accessed 8 Dec 2019 HRW (2018) These killings can be stopped: abuses by government and separatist groups in Cameroon’s Anglophone regions. https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/07/19/these-killings-can-be-stopped/abuses-government-and-separatist-groups-cameroons. Accessed 23 July 2019
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Culver A, Rochat R, Cookson S (2017) Public health implications of complex emergencies and natural disasters. Confl Health 11(32):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-017-0135-8
Complex emergencies have increased considerably in Africa since early 1980s to 112 between 2005 and 2014, affecting around 79 million people (Culver et al. 2017). In fact, complex emergencies were the most frequent disaster forms in sub-Saharan Africa between 2008 and 2018 (USAID 2018). Some took the form of a “protracted crises syndrome 5”, a “recurring crises syndrome 6”, and a “contiguum syndrome 7” (Grunewald 2012). From 1999 to 2015, around 48.5% of all armed conflicts in the world occurred in Africa and the Middle East causing the highest fatalities amongst civilian populations (Pettersson and Wallensteen 2015). However, in 1972, Cameroon’s pioneer president (Ahmadu Ahidjo) changed the federal structure of the country in favour of a unitary state called United Republic of Cameroon. On February 4, 1984, his predecessor and current President, Paul Biya, further altered the name of the country to La Républic du Cameroon (the original name of the French-administered East Cameroon). Since the union of the two Cameroons, the Anglophones who currently constitute around 14% of the population (World Bank 2017) have increasingly complained of being marginalised (Konings and Nyamnjoh 1997). This was compounded by the change of name, viewed by many as an attempt to erase the minority Anglophone identity and forcefully assimilate them into the majority French system. Since independence, the Anglophones have staged several protests against perceived unfair economic and institutional discrimination, marginalisation, and inequality in the appointment of public administrators. Footnote 2 This has often caused a periodic outburst of violence, especially when government forces attempt to repress protesters (Chereji and Lohkoko 2012). Gestion des Risques Naturels et Protection Civile (French) or “Natural Risk Management and Civil Protection” However, in 1972, Cameroon’s pioneer president (Ahmadu Ahidjo) changed the federal structure of the country in favour of a unitary state called United Republic of Cameroon. On February 4, 1984, his predecessor and current President, Paul Biya, further altered the name of the country to La Républic du Cameroon (the original name of the French-administered East Cameroon). Since the union of the two Cameroons, the Anglophones who currently constitute around 14% of the population (World Bank 2017) have increasingly complained of being marginalised (Konings and Nyamnjoh 1997). This was compounded by the change of name, viewed by many as an attempt to erase the minority Anglophone identity and forcefully assimilate them into the majority French system. Since independence, the Anglophones have staged several protests against perceived unfair economic and institutional discrimination, marginalisation, and inequality in the appointment of public administrators. 2 This has often caused a periodic outburst of violence, especially when government forces attempt to repress protesters (Chereji and Lohkoko 2012).
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