Electro: Electro and techno are two genres which largely featured psychedelic sounds and are largely considered the earliest forms of electronic dance music genres to use the term "rave music" in respect to its modern terminological use. Techno sometimes crosses boundaries with house music, hence the genres trance and acid techno. Miami bass and crunk is sometimes included as "electro". Ott, Brian L. and Herman, Bill D. Excerpt from Mixed Messages: Resistance and Reappropriation in Rave Culture. 2003. a b c d e "Club Drugs". drugabuse.gov. North Bethesda, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2021 . Retrieved 17 August 2021. a b Rodriguez, Krystal (5 August 2016). "Insomniac's Pasquale Rotella Avoids Jail Time in Los Angeles Coliseum Court Case". Vice . Retrieved 3 September 2019.

Pagan, Chris. "Rave culture in Sydney, Australia: mapping youth spaces in media discourse" (PDF). University of Sydney. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 January 2014. In late 1991, raves started to expand across northern California, and cities like Sacramento, Oakland, Silicon Valley (Palo Alto, San Jose). The massive parties were taking place in outdoor fields, aeroplane hangars and hilltops that surround the valley. San Francisco's early promoters and DJs were from the UK and Europe. Raves took place in some of the SOMA art museum event such as, 'Where the wild things are' in the museum on top of the Sony Metreon, and in the Maritime hall (1998–2002). Marijuana in the Rave Culture of the 90's". 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019 . Retrieved 8 June 2018. Rave hasn’t been documented in film apart from a few documentaries, and it’s such an interesting period because it was a massively important cultural moment. Rave had a DIY aesthetic, it was about groups of people organising free parties and so it was outside of the commercial sphere – that seems like an act of defiance against individualism, profit and privatisation,” explains Welsh.a b c d e f Palamar, J. J.; Griffin-Tomas, M.; Ompad, D. C. (2015). "Illicit Drug Use among Rave Attendees in a Nationally Representative Sample of US High School Seniors". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 152: 24–31. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.002. PMC 4458153. PMID 26005041. Anderson, Tammy L. (2009). "Understanding the Alteration and Decline of a Music Scene: Observations from Rave Culture". Sociological Forum. 24 (2): 309–311. doi: 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01101.x. JSTOR 40210403. UN drugs chief calls for introduction of drug testing to help curb substance abuse". unodc.org. Istanbul: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 17 August 2021. Drum and bass / Jungle – Drumsound & Bassline Smith, 4Hero, Logistics, Andy C, Spor, Goldie, DJ Ron, Dieselboy, DJ Fresh, Pendulum, Freq Nasty, Freaky Flow, Shy FX, Rebel MC, Ragga Twins

The "rave" genre would develop into oldschool hardcore, which lead onto newer forms of rave music such as drum and bass, 2-step and happy hardcore as well as other hardcore techno genres, such as gabber and hardstyle. [29] Hutson, Scott R. (2000). "The Rave: Spiritual Healing in Modern Western Subcultures". Anthropological Quarterly. 73 (1): 40–41. JSTOR 3317473. In Berlin, Still Partying in the Ruins". The New York Times. 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2017. Immediately after the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November 1989, free underground techno parties mushroomed in East Berlin. [78] According to East German DJ Paul van Dyk the techno-based rave scene was a major force in re-establishing social connections between East and West Germany during the unification period. [83] Soon the first techno clubs emerged in East Berlin such as the Tresor (est. 1991), the Planet (1991–1993), and the Bunker (1992–1996). [84] In Frankfurt, the Omen opened in 1988, which under its operator Sven Väth became the center of the scene in the Rhein-Main area in the following years. In 1990, the Babalu Club opened in Munich, introducing the concept of afterhours in Germany. [85]See also: Club drug and Party pills This impure tablet sold as MDMA in the U.S. contained no MDMA, but instead BZP, caffeine and methamphetamine. A selection of MDMA tablets, better known as "ecstasy". A selection of poppers, a volatile drug inhaled for the "rush" it can provide. The Legend of 23 Hop: A Documentary on the Murky Origins of Toronto's Rave Scene". 31 August 2019 . Retrieved 12 February 2021. a b Weir, Erica (June 2000). "Raves: a review of the culture, the drugs and the prevention of harm" (PDF). CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association. 162 (13): 1843–1848. eISSN 1488-2329. ISSN 0820-3946. LCCN 87039047. PMC 1231377. PMID 10906922. S2CID 10853457. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2019 . Retrieved 17 August 2021. A sense of participation in a group event is among the chief appeals of rave music and dancing to pulsating beats is its immediate outlet. [43] [44] Raving in itself is a syllabus-free dance, whereby the movements are not predefined and the dance is performed randomly, dancers take immediate inspiration from the music, their mood and watching other people dancing. Thus, the electronic, rave and club dances refer to the street dance styles that evolved alongside electronic music culture. Such dances are street dances since they evolved alongside the underground rave and club movements, without the intervention of dance studios. These dances were originated in some 'scenes' around the world, becoming known only to ravers or clubgoers who attempt to these locations. They were originated at some point that certain moves had begun to be performed to several people at those places, creating a completely freestyle, yet still highly complex set of moves, adaptable to every dancer change and dance whatever they want based on these moves. Many rave dancing techniques suggest using your body as an extension of the music, to loosen up, and let the music flow through the body to create a unique form of movement. The road is currently closed between the two airport roundabouts. We thank you for your patience and understanding at this time.’