McGarry, John (2010). Weller, Marc; Nobbs, Katherine (eds.). Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.148–179. ISBN 978-0-8122-4230-0. {{ cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= ( help) Main articles: Directorate-General for International Partnerships, ACP–EU development cooperation, European Solidarity Corps, European Union Global Strategy, European Neighbourhood Policy, Global Europe, and European Political Community Eastern Partnership Summit 2017, Brussels You’ll need to make a new application to the scheme to switch from pre-settled status to settled status. In Spanish, two same phrases can be abbreviated differently depending on whether the phrase is singular or plural. The doubling of the letters indicates plurality while the use of single letters indicate singularity. For instance, the doubling of E and U means the phrase contain plural words (United States). If the phrase was in singular form (United State), it would be abbreviated as “EU” in Spanish. Other common double Spanish abbreviations include AA EE for Foreign Affairs (Asuntos Exteriores) or FF AA for Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas). However, not all plural phrases are doubled, especially when the Spanish phrase contains three or more words that are to be abbreviated. For instance, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (United Nations) is abbreviated as “ONU” and not “UU NN.” Occasionally, Estados Unidos de América (United States of America) is abbreviated in Spanish as EAU. Double Abbreviation in English Portugal tem 92.212 quilómetros quadrados, por enquanto... - Sociedade - PUBLICO.PT". 5 October 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012.

Sodium is the main determinant of plasma osmolality, and serum levels are closely related to hydration (volume) status. Serum sodium levels are normally regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), amongst other homeostatic mechanisms. To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria, defined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; a functioning market economy; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council. [138] a b "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2020 . Retrieved 12 August 2021. The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, or "ECHO", provides humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries. In 2012, its budget amounted to €874 million, 51 per cent of the budget went to Africa and 20 per cent to Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacific, and 20 per cent to the Middle East and Mediterranean. [114]Confirmation of UK Government agreement to Article 50 extension". Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 1 April 2019. The 20 EU member states known collectively as the eurozone have fully implemented the currency union by superseding their national currencies with the euro. The currency union represents 345 million EU citizens. [175] The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. [176] [177] [178] Symptoms of both hypernatremia and hyponatremia are primarily neurological. Mild symptoms include fatigue, weakness and confusion, but can progress to severe symptoms such as seizures and coma. 4 Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy. In 2007, member states agreed that, in the future, 20 per cent of the energy used across the EU must be renewable, and carbon dioxide emissions have to be lower in 2020 by at least 20 per cent compared to 1990 levels. [157] In 2017, the EU emitted 9.1 per cent of global greenhouse-gas emissions. [158] The European Union claims that already in 2018, its GHG emissions were 23% lower than in 1990. [159] The European Union has seven principal decision-making bodies, its institutions: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank and the European Court of Auditors. Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared between the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament, while executive tasks are performed by the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council (not to be confused with the aforementioned Council of the European Union). The monetary policy of the eurozone is determined by the European Central Bank. The interpretation and the application of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The EU budget is scrutinised by the European Court of Auditors. There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specific area.

While the member states are sovereign, the union partially follows a supranational system for those functions agreed by treaty to be shared. ("Competences not conferred upon the Union in the Treaties remain with the member states"). Previously limited to European Community matters, the practice, known as the ' community method', is currently used in many areas of policy. Combined sovereignty is delegated by each member to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions. This practice is often referred to as 'pooling of sovereignty'. Those institutions are then empowered to make laws and execute them at a European level. OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - EU21 Definition". stats.oecd.org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2019. If you have a family member living in the UK, you may be eligible to apply for a Ukraine Family Scheme visa. Main article: History of the European Communities (1973–1993) Gerald Ford and the American delegation at the CSCE (1975)See also: List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits and List of urban areas in the European Union The Paris metropolitan area is the most populous urban area in the EU. Since the creation of the European Union in 1993, it has developed its competencies in the area of justice and home affairs; initially at an intergovernmental level and later by supranationalism. Accordingly, the union has legislated in areas such as extradition, [220] family law, [221] asylum law, [222] and criminal justice. [223] If potassium is <3mmol/L (severe hypokalaemia) or ECG changes are present, intravenous potassium replacement is indicated. Therefore, a raised creatinine level is an indicator of kidney dysfunction. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

See also: European Union Aviation Safety Agency, European Maritime Safety Agency, and European Union Agency for Railways Map of the Trans-European Transport Network Population on 1st January by age, sex and type of projection". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020 . Retrieved 1 February 2020. In most cases, where there is a clear history implicating dehydration (e.g. vomiting/diarrhoea), treatment involves gentle rehydration with intravenous hypotonic fluids (e.g. 5% dextrose). See also: European Banking Authority, European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority, European Securities and Markets Authority, and Single Resolution Board European Stability Mechanism members.A ‘normal’ glomerular filtration rate is around 100ml/min/1.73m 3. When discussing results with patients, the eGFR can be roughly equated to a percentage of kidney function. Previous UK European elections". BBC News. 2 June 1999. Archived from the original on 24 April 2003 . Retrieved 14 May 2016. The 1951 treaty which created the European Coal and Steel Community (a precursor to the European Economic Community and later European Union) provided for a representative assembly of members drawn from the participating nations' national parliaments. In June 1979, the nine EEC countries held the first direct elections to the European Parliament. High extracellular pH (alkalosis), elevated beta-adrenergic activity or increased availability of insulin will act to drive potassium into cells. Management Member states retain in principle all powers except those that they have agreed collectively to delegate to the Union as a whole, though the exact delimitation has on occasions become a subject of scholarly or legal disputes. [ citation needed] You can use your certificate of application to prove your rights in the UK, for example the right to work, rent, claim benefits or use NHS services.

The European Union is based on a series of treaties. These first established the European Community and the EU, and then made amendments to those founding treaties. [102] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation [f] which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants. [g] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties. [103] Secondary law If you or your family are from the EU, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland or Liechtenstein, you can still apply if you or a family member were living in the UK by 31 December 2020. You must also either:

International

EU28 meant all the member states from the accession of Croatia in 2013 to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom in 2020. Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms that "A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities". The European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to Main article: Court of Justice of the European Union Koen Lenaerts, President of the Court of Justice