Wicca Elemental Magic: A Guide to the Elements, Witchcraft, and Magic Spells (Wicca for Beginners Series)

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a b Willis, Deborah (2018). Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England. Cornell University Press. Witch Hunts in Modern South Africa: An Under-represented Facet of Gender-based Violence (PDF). MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programm. 2009. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.6630. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2014. witch". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) a b c d Gershman, Boris (23 November 2022). "Witchcraft beliefs around the world: An exploratory analysis". PLOS ONE. 17 (11): e0276872. Bibcode: 2022PLoSO..1776872G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276872. PMC 9683553. PMID 36417350.

Witches are your neighbors," said Jason Mankey, author and Wiccan-Witch. "And more and more of them are becoming your neighbors as we're in the middle of this witch moment right now." Saudi woman beheaded for 'witchcraft and sorcery' ". Edition.cnn.com. 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020 . Retrieved 7 June 2014. Kelly, A.A., Crafting the Art of Magic, Book I: a History of Modern Witchcraft, 1939–1964, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, 1991. [ ISBNmissing] The concept of witchcraft and the belief in its existence have persisted throughout recorded history. According to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions there is "difficulty of defining ‘witches’ and ‘witchcraft’ across cultures—terms that, quite apart from their connotations in popular culture, may include an array of traditional or faith healing practices and are not easily defined". [16] Sinclair, George (1871). Satan's Invisible World Discovered. Edinburgh. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link)Casting a circle is done to banish negative energy and create a sacred space in preparation for a spell or ritual, though it can also be cast unceremoniously to create a calm space for meditation or work. Cleansing Witch-hunts, scapegoating, and the shunning or murder of suspected witches still occurs. [43] Many cultures worldwide continue to have a belief in the concept of "witchcraft" or malevolent magic. [17] Janzen, John M.; MacGaffey, Wyatt (1974). "An Anthology of Kongo Religion: Primary Texts from Lower Zaïre". University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology. Lawrence (5). An extract from Hutton's The Witch covering this topic can be read online at https://yalebooksblog.co.uk/2017/07/31/five-characteristics-of-a-witch-an-extract-by-ronald-hutton/ [1] :3-4 Witches are believed to work in secret, sometimes alone and sometimes with other witches. Hutton writes: "Across most of the world, witches have been thought to gather at night, when normal humans are inactive, and also at their most vulnerable in sleep". [1] :19-22 In most cultures, witches at these gatherings are thought to transgress social norms by engaging in cannibalism, incest and open nudity. [1] :19-22

Nepal: Witchcraft as a Superstition and a form of violence against women in Nepal". Humanrights.asia. Asian Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2014. Witches around the world commonly have associations with animals. [1] :264-277 Rodney Needham identified this as a defining feature of the witch archetype. [36] In some parts of the world, it is believed witches can shapeshift into animals, [1] :264 or that the witch's spirit travels apart from their body and takes an animal form, an activity often associated with shamanism. [1] :264 Another widespread belief is that witches have an animal helper. [1] :264 In English these are often called " familiars", and meant an evil spirit or demon that had taken an animal form. [1] :264 As researchers examined traditions in other regions, they widened the term to servant spirit-animals which are described as a part of the witch's own soul. [1] :269 Each Element is also represented by one or more ritual tools on the Wiccan altar. For example, the Pentacle symbolizes Earth, a designated candle represents Fire, a chalice—empty or filled—represents Water, and Air can be symbolized by a wand. There may be other tools further representing the Elements, depending on how elaborate one’s practice is, but for effective, balanced energy at least one representation for each should be present. a b Ankarloo, Bengt; Clark, Stuart (2001). Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Biblical and Pagan Societies. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Philadelphia Press. ISBN 978-0826486066.

Macfarlane, Alan (1999). Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study. Psychology Press. p.130. ISBN 978-0415196123. Every person's experience with witchcraft is different. In its current state, there are many different types of witchcraft, ranging from kitchen witchcraft and green witchcraft to crystal witchcraft and cosmic witchcraft. A local newspaper informed that more than fifty people were killed in two Highlands provinces of Papua New Guinea in 2008 for allegedly practicing witchcraft. [123] An estimated 50–150 alleged witches are killed each year in Papua New Guinea. [124]