Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. [88] At the time ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects. [89] EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter. The largest impact features on Callisto's surface are multi-ring basins. [12] [60] Two are enormous. Valhalla is the largest, with a bright central region 600kilometers in diameter, and rings extending as far as 1,800kilometers from the center (see figure). [62] The second largest is Asgard, measuring about 1,600kilometers in diameter. [62] Multi-ring structures probably originated as a result of a post-impact concentric fracturing of the lithosphere lying on a layer of soft or liquid material, possibly an ocean. [36] The catenae—for example Gomul Catena—are long chains of impact craters lined up in straight lines across the surface. They were probably created by objects that were tidally disrupted as they passed close to Jupiter prior to the impact on Callisto, or by very oblique impacts. [12] A historical example of a disruption was Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Callisto is named after one of Zeus's many lovers or other sexual partners in Greek mythology. Callisto was a nymph (or, according to some sources, the daughter of Lycaon) who was associated with the goddess of the hunt, Artemis. [25] The name was suggested by Simon Marius soon after Callisto's discovery. [26] Marius attributed the suggestion to Johannes Kepler. [25] Temperature: The mean surface temperature of Callisto is minus 218.47 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 139.2 Celsius). Callisto FAQs answered by an expert As mentioned above, small patches of pure water ice with an albedo as high as 80% are found on the surface of Callisto, surrounded by much darker material. [6] High-resolution Galileo images showed the bright patches to be predominately located on elevated surface features: crater rims, scarps, ridges and knobs. [6] They are likely to be thin water frost deposits. Dark material usually lies in the lowlands surrounding and mantling bright features and appears to be smooth. It often forms patches up to 5km across within the crater floors and in the intercrater depressions. [6] Two landslides 3–3.5km long are visible on the right sides of the floors of the two large craters on the right.

Rubbish, I say. Very sad to see so many here with that mindset. I've played many a non-perfect game and had tons of fun, such as the recent Evil West for example, which is fantastic.Callisto is the most distant of the Galilean satellites (the others being Io, Europa, Ganymede), and thus is the farthest away from Jupiter. For those counting, it's ~26 Jupiter radii away from its planet, which is notable primarily because it's much farther away than its next closest neighbor, Ganymede (~15 Jupiter radii away). What's an interesting fact about Callisto?

The partial differentiation of Callisto (inferred e.g. from moment of inertia measurements) means that it has never been heated enough to melt its ice component. [22] Therefore, the most favorable model of its formation is a slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disk of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation. [21] Such a prolonged accretion stage would allow cooling to largely keep up with the heat accumulation caused by impacts, radioactive decay and contraction, thereby preventing melting and fast differentiation. [21] The allowable timescale for the formation of Callisto lies then in the range 0.1million–10million years. [21] Views of eroding (top) and mostly eroded (bottom) ice knobs (~100m high), possibly formed from the ejecta of an ancient impact Callisto's atmosphere have been modelled to gain better understanding of impact of collisional molecular interactions. [68] Researchers used a kinetic method to model collisions between the constituent elements of Callisto's atmosphere (carbon dioxide, molecular oxygen, and molecular hydrogen). The modeling took into account the thermal desorption of these compounds due to solar exposure and the resulting variations in temperature on the surface. The simulation showed that the density of Callisto's atmosphere could be explained by the trapping of hydrogen by the heavier gases, carbon dioxide and oxygen. The model shows how kinetic interactions between molecules affect the atmosphere, although it has limitations in terms of variables considered. The simulated densities correlate with expected thresholds for experimental detection. [69] [70] Origin and evolution [ edit ] The European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE), which launched on April 14, 2023, will perform 21 close flybys of Callisto between 2031 and 2034. [82] [83] China's CNSA Tianwen-4 is planned to launch to Jupiter around 2030 before entering orbit around Callisto. [85] [86] [87] Old proposals [ edit ] More close-up observations required a wait until 1996 when the Galileo spacecraft commenced the first of 12 flybys of the moon. Galileo's repeated flybys and higher resolution revealed much more information about Callisto than before. More of the surface was mapped, a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere was discovered, and evidence of a subsurface ocean was uncovered.

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When Galileo turned his telescope to Jupiter on Jan. 7, 1610, what he saw surprised everybody. The planet was not alone; it had four moons circling it. At the time, it was believed that the Earth was the only planet with a moon. For two centuries Jupiter's moons were (as a group) named after the Medicis, a powerful Italian political family, according to NASA. Individually they were called Jupiter I, II, III and IV, with "IV" referring to what we now call Callisto. It is fundamentally broken with the way combat is designed, it simply does not work if you're fighting more than one opponent especially if one is anywhere but in front of you. it is a broken combat system that was not fully fleshed out. it's missing simple things that would fix it, but as it stands right now you literally cannot rely on its gameplay mechanics to work if there's a group of enemies..... it is broken. PERIOD. Surface gravity derived from the mass ( m), the gravitational constant ( G) and the radius ( r): G m r 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {Gm}{r It's a serviceable narrative. It's okay, if unspectacular. You could say the same about the characters fuelling the story beats: the vast majority of them are forgettable, with little in the way of personality or defining features. Protagonist Jacob consistently comes across as just a bit of a knob, but Dani is the saving grace. The two begin the game as enemies, but eventually learn they need to work together to escape. She has a bit about her and elevates virtually every cutscene she's in. NASA. (n.d.). Callisto In depth. NASA. Retrieved April 18, 2023, from https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/callisto/in-depth/

Callisto and the other Galilean moons may have formed with the assistance of Saturn. A computer model released in 2018 suggested that as Saturn's core grew, its gravitational influence moved planetesimals (baby planets) toward the inner solar system. This process might have provided enough stuff to form the four Galilean moons. Additional resources Callisto ( / k ə ˈ l ɪ s t oʊ/, kə- LIST-oh), or Jupiter IV, is the second-largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede. In the Solar System it is the third-largest moon after Ganymede and Saturn's largest moon Titan, and as large as the smallest planet Mercury, though only about a third as massive. Callisto is, with a diameter of 4821km, roughly a third larger than the Moon and orbits Jupiter on average at a distance of 1 883 000km, which is about six times further out than the Moon orbiting Earth. It is the outermost of the four large Galilean moons of Jupiter, [3] which were discovered in 1610 with one of the first telescopes, being visible from Earth with common binoculars. The surface of Callisto is the oldest and most heavily cratered object in the Solar System. [10] Its surface is completely covered with impact craters. [11] It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics or volcanism, with no signs that geological activity in general has ever occurred, and is thought to have evolved predominantly under the influence of impacts. [12] Prominent surface features include multi-ring structures, variously shaped impact craters, and chains of craters ( catenae) and associated scarps, ridges and deposits. [12] At a small scale, the surface is varied and made up of small, sparkly frost deposits at the tips of high spots, surrounded by a low-lying, smooth blanket of dark material. [6] This is thought to result from the sublimation-driven degradation of small landforms, which is supported by the general deficit of small impact craters and the presence of numerous small knobs, considered to be their remnants. [13] The absolute ages of the landforms are not known. Do you need an Aftermath walkthrough for The Callisto Protocol? Aftermath is the third chapter in the game and sees Jacob spend much of his time trying to reach the medical facility. As part of our The Callisto Protocol guide, we're going to share an Aftermath walkthrough that helps you through every part of the level, including puzzles and combat. There are 6 Implant Bios and 2 Audio Logs in this chapter. As telescopic observations improved, however, a new view of the universe emerged. The moons and the planets were not unchanging and perfect; for example, mountains seen on the moon showed that geological processes happened elsewhere. Also, all planets revolved around the sun. Over time, moons around other planets were discovered — and additional moons were found around Jupiter. The Medici moons were renamed Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto to avoid confusion in the mid-1800s. Callisto key factsImpact crater diameters seen range from 0.1km—a limit defined by the imaging resolution—to over 100km, not counting the multi-ring structures. [12] Small craters, with diameters less than 5km, have simple bowl or flat-floored shapes. Those 5–40km across usually have a central peak. Larger impact features, with diameters in the range 25–100km, have central pits instead of peaks, such as Tindr crater. [12] The largest craters with diameters over 60km can have central domes, which are thought to result from central tectonic uplift after an impact; [12] examples include Doh and Hár craters. A small number of very large—more than 100km in diameter—and bright impact craters show anomalous dome geometry. These are unusually shallow and may be a transitional landform to the multi-ring structures, as with the Lofn impact feature. [12] Callisto's craters are generally shallower than those on the Moon. The Callistoan surface is asymmetric: the leading hemisphere [g] is darker than the trailing one. This is different from other Galilean satellites, where the reverse is true. [6] The trailing hemisphere [g] of Callisto appears to be enriched in carbon dioxide, whereas the leading hemisphere has more sulfur dioxide. [52] Many fresh impact craters like Lofn also show enrichment in carbon dioxide. [52] Overall, the chemical composition of the surface, especially in the dark areas, may be close to that seen on D-type asteroids, [12] whose surfaces are made of carbonaceous material.

The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto leaves open the possibility that it could harbor life. However, conditions are thought to be less favorable than on nearby Europa. [23] Various space probes from Pioneers 10 and 11 to Galileo and Cassini have studied Callisto. Because of its low radiation levels, Callisto has long been considered the most suitable to base possible future crewed missions on to study the Jovian system. [24] History [ edit ] Discovery [ edit ] Seeing a '7' at the end of that - I knew some would already be calling it a failure or disappointment... NASA's Europa Clipper, which is scheduled to launch in October 2024, will conduct 9 close flybys of Callisto beginning in 2030. [84]

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There's no established English adjectival form of the name. The adjectival form of Greek Καλλιστῴ Kallistōi is Καλλιστῴος Kallistōi-os, from which one might expect Latin Callistōius and English *Callistóian (with 5 syllables), parallel to Sapphóian (4 syllables) for Sapphō i [30] and Letóian for Lētō i. [31] However, the iota subscript is often omitted from such Greek names (cf. Inóan [32] from Īnō i [33] and Argóan [34] from Argō i [35]), and indeed the analogous form Callistoan is found. [36] [37] [38] Callisto has a very tenuous atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide. [8] It was detected by the Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) from its absorption feature near the wavelength 4.2 micrometers. The surface pressure is estimated to be 7.5 pico bar (0.75 μPa) and particle density 4×10 8cm −3. Because such a thin atmosphere would be lost in only about 4 years (see atmospheric escape), it must be constantly replenished, possibly by slow sublimation of carbon dioxide ice from Callisto's icy crust, [8] which would be compatible with the sublimation–degradation hypothesis for the formation of the surface knobs. The discovery had not only astronomical, but also religious implications. At the time, the Catholic Church supported the idea that everything orbited the Earth, an idea put forth in ancient times by Aristotle and Ptolemy. Galileo's observations of Jupiter's moons — as well as noticing that Venus went through "phases" similar to our own moon — gave compelling evidence that not everything revolved around the Earth.