Klement, W. Jr.; Willens, R.H.; Duwez, Pol (1960). "Non-crystalline Structure in Solidified Gold-Silicon Alloys". Nature. 187 (4740): 869. Bibcode: 1960Natur.187..869K. doi: 10.1038/187869b0. S2CID 4203025. Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H. (1990). CRC Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC press. p.798. ISBN 978-1-4398-2253-1. If you’re looking for a new TV now, however, and the idea of dishless Sky TV appeals, then Sky Glass is an attractive option.

Sodium carbonate (Na 2CO 3, "soda") is a common additive and acts to lower the glass-transition temperature. However, sodium silicate is water-soluble, so lime (CaO, calcium oxide, generally obtained from limestone), along with magnesium oxide (MgO), and aluminium oxide (Al 2O 3), are commonly added to improve chemical durability. Soda–lime glasses (Na 2O) + lime (CaO) + magnesia (MgO) + alumina (Al 2O 3) account for over 75% of manufactured glass, containing about 70 to 74% silica by weight. [68] [76] Soda–lime–silicate glass is transparent, easily formed, and most suitable for window glass and tableware. [77] However, it has a high thermal expansion and poor resistance to heat. [77] Soda–lime glass is typically used for windows, bottles, light bulbs, and jars. [75] Borosilicate A Pyrex borosilicate glass measuring cup On the positive side, programmes allow you to “Play from start” if you come in halfway through and you also get some, albeit not all, of the fancier features from Sky Q’s sports channels, including the ability to catch up with highlights while you’re watching. Tin oxide with antimony and arsenic oxides produce an opaque white glass ( milk glass), first used in Venice to produce an imitation porcelain, very often then painted with enamels. Similarly, some smoked glasses may be based on dark-colored inclusions, but with ionic coloring it is also possible to produce dark colors (see above).Doering, Robert; Nishi, Yoshio (2007). Handbook of semiconductor manufacturing technology. CRC Press. pp.12–13. ISBN 978-1-57444-675-3. a b Nicholson, Paul T.; Shaw, Ian (2000). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge University Press. p.208. ISBN 978-0-521-45257-1. Uranium (0.1 to 2%) can be added to give glass a fluorescent yellow or green color. [8] Uranium glass is typically not radioactive enough to be dangerous, but if ground into a powder, such as by polishing with sandpaper, and inhaled, it can be carcinogenic. When used with lead glass with very high proportion of lead, produces a deep red color. Nassau, Kurt (2001). The physics and chemistry of color: the fifteen causes of color. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-39106-7 . Retrieved 4 April 2013. McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p.99. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2.

Today, glass is ordinary, on-the-kitchen-shelf stuff. But early in its history, glass was bling for kings. a b B.H.W.S. de Jong, "Glass"; in "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; 5th edition, vol. A12, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1989, ISBN 978-3-527-20112-9, pp. 365–432. Glass containing two or more phases with different refractive indices shows coloring based on the Tyndall effect and explained by the Mie theory, if the dimensions of the phases are similar or larger than the wavelength of visible light. The scattered light is blue and violet as seen in the image, while the transmitted light is yellow and red. Carraher, Charles E. Jr. (2012). Introduction to Polymer Chemistry. CRC Press. p.274. ISBN 978-1-4665-5495-5. Mattox, D.M. (2014). Handbook of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processing. Cambridge University Press. p.60. ISBN 978-0-08-094658-0.Glass is a non-crystalline solid that is often transparent, brittle and chemically inert. It has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. J. W. E. Drewitt; S. Jahn; L. Hennet (2019). "Configurational constraints on glass formation in the liquid calcium aluminate system". Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment. 2019 (10): 104012. arXiv: 1909.07645. Bibcode: 2019JSMTE..10.4012D. doi: 10.1088/1742-5468/ab47fc. S2CID 202583753. Glass-ceramic materials contain both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramic phases. They are formed by controlled nucleation and partial crystallisation of a base glass by heat treatment. [87] Crystalline grains are often embedded within a non-crystalline intergranular phase of grain boundaries. Glass-ceramics exhibit advantageous thermal, chemical, biological, and dielectric properties as compared to metals or organic polymers. [87]

The factor △E *ab represents the measurement of distance between any two points in the three-dimensional L*a*b* color space. This enables objective comparison of glass colors without the influence of ambient light or the subjective perception of a human observer. Silberman, Neil Asher; Bauer, Alexander A. (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p.29. ISBN 978-0-19-973578-5.Shelby, J.E. (2017). Introduction to Glass Science and Technology. Royal Society of Chemistry. p.125. ISBN 978-0-85404-639-3. Adding titanium produces yellowish- brown glass. Titanium, rarely used on its own, is more often employed to intensify and brighten other colorizing additives. The standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a non-crystalline solid formed by rapid melt quenching. [1] [2] [3] [4] However, the term "glass" is often defined in a broader sense, to describe any non-crystalline ( amorphous) solid that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state. [4] [5] Fingas, Jon (19 July 2018). "Gorilla Glass 6 gives phones a better shot at surviving multiple drops". Engadget. Batchelor, Andrew W.; Loh, Nee Lam; Chandrasekaran, Margam (2011). Materials Degradation and Its Control by Surface Engineering. World Scientific. p.141. ISBN 978-1-908978-14-1.

a b c Scholze, Horst (1991). Glass – Nature, Structure, and Properties. Springer. pp.3–5. ISBN 978-0-387-97396-8.

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a b c d e f Ward-Harvey, K. (2009). Fundamental Building Materials. Universal-Publishers. pp.83–90. ISBN 978-1-59942-954-0. Sky Glass isn’t the only dishless Sky TV product. Since it was first launched, Sky Stream has appeared, offering the same content and user experience but without the TV attached. If you already have a decent mid-range TV and care about picture quality, this is the Sky streaming TV product you should go for.